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Classified data can be represented by a variety of graphs in order to give a visual picture of the distribution.
Histogram, frequency polygon,frequency curve, ogives and pie-diagram are some of them.
HISTOGRAM
Histogram is the most accurate graph that represents a frequency distribution. In histogram the scores are spread uniformly over the entire class-interval.The class interval is marked on the x-axis and the frequencies on the y-axis.
FREQUENCY POLYGON In frequency polygon, we mark the mid-point of each class on the x-axis and the frequencies on the y-axis. After plotting all the points, we join them by line-segments. We complete the polygon; that is, we close it, by joining it to the x-axis.
Frequency polygon gives a less accurate representation of the distribution, than a histogram, as it represents the frequency of each class by a single point, not by the whole class-interval.
FREQUENCY CURVE The frequency polygon consists of sharp turns, and ups and downs which are really not in conformity with actual conditions. To remove these sharp features of a polygon, it becomes necessary to smooth it.
No definite rule for smoothing the polygon can be laid down. It should be borne in mind that the curve is as smooth as possible and does not, in any way, sharply deviate from the polygon.
In order to draw a satisfactory frequency curve, we need, first of all, to draw a frequency histogram, then the frequency polygon and ultimately the frequency curve.
Statistics is a body of mathematical techniques or processes for gathering, organizing, analysing and interpreting numerical data . Because most research yields such quantitative data, statistics is a basic tool of measurment,evaluation and research. The word statistics is sometimes used to describe the numerical data gathered. Statistical data describe group behaviour or group charecteristics abstracted from a number of individual observations that are combined to make generalizations possible.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY Non statisticians use averages to describe the charecteristics of groups in a general way of the many average that may be used three have been selected as most useful in educational research; the mean, the median, and the mode.
THE MEAN It is the simplest but most useful measure of central tendency. It is nothing but the 'average' which we compute in our high school arithemetic and therfore can be easily defined as the sum of all the values of the items in a series divided by the number of items. It is designated by the symbol M.
THE MEDIAN If the item of a series are arranged in ascending or descending order of magnitude, the measures or value of the central item in the series is termed the median.
THE MODE Mode is defined to be size of the variable which occurs most frequently. In any series it is the value of the item which is most charecteristics or common and is usually repeated maximum number of times.
Teaching is the specialized applicationof knowledge, skills and
designed toattribute unique service to meet the educational needs of the individual and of society. The choice of learning activities whereby the goals of education are realized in the school is the responsibility of the teaching profession.
In addition to providing students with learning opportunities to meet curriculum outcomes, teaching emphasizes the development of values and guides students in their social relationships. Teachers employ practices that develop positive self-concept in students. Although the work of teachers typically takes place in a classroom setting, the direct interaction between teacher and student is the single most important element in teaching.
Why Teaching is considered as a profession
The continued professionalization of teaching is a long standing goal of the teacher community. Professionalism is a complex and elusive concept; it is dynamic and fluid. Six generally accepted criteria are used to define a profession. The teaching profession fulfils those criteria in the following ways:
1.Its members have an organized body of knowledge that separates the group from all others
2. It serves a great social purpose
3. There is co- operation achieved through a professional organization
4. There is a formal period of preparation and a requirement for continuous growth and development
5. There is a degree of autonomy accorded the professional
6. The profession has control or influence over education standards, professional development, ethical and performance standards, and professional discipline
Teachers As Professionals The teacher is the essential element in the delivery of instruction to students, regardless of the mode of instruction. A teacher has professional knowledge and skills gained through formal preparation and experience. Teachers provide personal, caring service to students by diagnosing their needs and by planning, selecting and using methods and evaluation procedures designed to promote learning. The processes of teaching include understanding and adhering to legal and legislated frameworks and policies; identifying and responding to student learning needs; providing effective and responsive instruction; assessing and communicating student learning; developing and maintaining a safe, respectful environment conducive to student learning; establishing and maintaining professional relationships; and engaging in reflective professional practice. These processes must be free of discriminatory practices and should contribute to the holistic development of students who are actively engaged, responsible and contributing members of a democratic society. The educational interests of students are best served by teachers who practice under conditions that enable them to exercise professional judgement. Teachers have a right to participate in all decisions that affect them or their work, and have a corresponding responsibility to provide informed leadership in matters related to their professional practice.
Thursday, 10 November 2016
SWAMI VIVEKANANDA
Early Life
Swami Vivekananda’s original name was
Narendranath Dutt. He acquired the new name in 1886 when he took ‘sanyasa’.
His father was a lawyer who practiced at the Calcutta High Court. As a child he
developed great taste for music and was adopt in sports. Under the influence of
his mother he made a deep study of the Hindu scriptures. He was provided the
best of education. He graduated with honours from Calcutta University.
He had an excellent command over
Bengali, English, and Sanskrit. He was a voracious reader and had a sharp
memory. He could often display a verbatim familiarity with the ‘Encyclopaedia
Britanica.’ His principal Rev. W. W. Hastie once remarked, “ Narendranath
is really a genius. I have travelled far and wide but I have never yet come
across a lad of his talents and possibilities, even in German Universities,
among philosophical students.”
MEETING WITH SHRI RAMAKRISHNA- A TURNING POINT IN LIFE
SHRI RAMAKRISHNA PARAMAHAMSA
He was deeply interested in the study of philosophy and religion. He studied eastern and western
philosophy and religion. For sometimes he was a classroom teacher also. His
search for truth led him to Ramakrishna Paramhamsa, at Dakshineswar in 1882.
Though not literate, Swami Ramakrishna was an enlightened soul. During the next
six years of his association with the master, he had a spiritual transformation
and emerged as Swami Vivekananda. He left home and travelled all over India.
His wandering left him deeply affected by the despair and poverty of the masses
of India.
Swami Vivekananda organised the
Ramakrishna Mission in 1886, after the passing away of his master.
Soul- stirring Address at the
World Parliament of Religions at Chicago(USA) in 1893: On September 11,1893, on
the opening day of the Parliament, he sat rapt in silent meditation. In the
afternoon session he rose to speak. He bowed down to Saraswati the Devi(goddess
of learning) and addressed the audience as, “Sisters and brothers of
America.” Before he could utter another word, people were so much
mesmerised that there was applause for full two minutes. When silence was
restored, he began his address. His wisdom coupled with universal message of
love and tolerance made him a world teacher. A small portion of Chicago Speeches of Swami Vivekananda is delivered here.
Message of Spirituality and Social
Service: He addressed several meetings in the U. S. A., U.K.,Sri Lanka and spread the spiritual message. Swami Vivekananda devoted the rest of
his strenuous life in communicating his message of unity and tolerance. In India, he organised social
work also in addition to spiritual pursuits.
Swami Vivekananda organised the Ramakrishna Mission in 1896, after the passing away of his master.
RAMAKRISHNA MISSION
PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF SWAMI
VIVEKANANDA’S PHILOSOPHY
1.God resides in every human
heart.
2.The best worship of God is
service to mankind.
3.Ethics and morality should
be the real basis of life.
4.Love and renunciation
should permeate the universe.
5.Religion means self-
realisation through self- control.
SWAI VIVEKANANDA’S PHILOSOPHY OF
EDUCATION
1.All knowledge is in the
human mind.
2.Education is the
manifestation of the perfection already in man.
3.Knowledge is inherent in
man. No knowledge comes from outside.
4.Like fire in a piece of
flint, knowledge exists in the mind. Man discovers it.
5.The infinite library of
the universe is in our mind.
Swami Vivekananda explains this as,
“We say Newton discovered gravitation. The falling of an apple gave the
suggestion to Newton and then he studied his own mind. He rearranged all the
previous links of thought in his mind and discovered a link among them, which
we call the law of gravitation.” He believes in auto education or self- teaching. As is the plant, so is the child. The growth and development of a plant and that of a child takes place according to their nature. A gardener prepares the ground for the growth of his plants, protects them and nourishes them so that they grow properly. Similarly, the teacher takes care of the child, provides him a suitable environment and looks after his proper growth.
SWAMI VIVEKANANDA’S VARIOUS ASPECT OF
EDUCATION
Aims of Education
1.Development of
spirituality in social setting i.e. development of a spirit of fellow- feeling.
2.Development of character
which implies doing good to others, courage, fearlessness and strength and
above all strong will-power for a noble cause.
3.Development of balanced
human relationship.
4.Development of the
attitude of considering work as worship.
5.Development of spirit of
service to the poor and the neglected.
6.Development of a spirit of
renunciation, giving up pride and ego and acquiring spirit of self- sacrifice.
7.Development of vocational
proficiency.
8.Development of physical
health.
Character- building as the
most Important aim of Education: “If you really want to judge the character of
man, look not at his great performance, watch a man do his most common actions.
Those are indeed the things which will tell you the real character of the great
man.”
‘Intellectually’
is not the highest good. ‘Morality’ and ‘Spirituality’ are the
things for which we strive. “Our women are not so learned, but they are more
pure.” He does not consider a man as educated if he can only pass some
examination and deliver good lectures. The basis of all system, social or
political, rests upon the goodness of man. No nation is great or good because
its Parliament enacts this or that, but because its men are great and good.
ROLE OF THE TEACHER
1.First condition is that he
should be sinless.
2.The second condition is
that he should know the spirit of scriptures.
3.The third condition is the
spiritual force of the teacher based on love for the students.
4.The fourth condition is
that the teacher should think that he is only helping the child grow. He is the
external teacher and he offers the suggestion which arouses the internal
teacher i.e. in the mind of the child.
PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING-LEARNING
1.Self-teaching:“No one was ever taught by another. Each of
us has to teach himself. A child educates itself.”
2.Living Examples of Teacher: “Words even thought,
contribute only one-third of the influence in making an impression- the man
two-thirds.”
3.Teaching through Positive
Suggestions: “We should give positive ideas. Negative ideas only weaken men. If you
speak kind words to them and encourage them, they are bound to improve in
time.”
4.Concentration as the only
method of education: “The power of concentration is the only key to the
treasure- house of knowledge.”
5.Qualities of the Learner. “The conditions
necessary for the taught are purity, a real thirst after knowledge and
perseverance.”
PHYSICAL AND HEALTH EDUCATION
“Be strong, my young friends……….
You will be nearer to Heaven through football than through the study of Gita.
EDUCATION TO BE BASED ON WESTERN
SCIENCE COUPLED WITH VEDANTA.
“Living with the Guru and a similar system of imparting education are
needed. What we want is western science coupled with Vedanta- ‘Brahmacharya’
as the guiding motto and also ‘Shraddha’ (faith) in one’s own self.”
EDUCATION OF THE MASSES
Vivekananda gave prime
importance to the education of the masses. He asserted, “The chief cause of
India’s ruin has been the monopolising of the whole education of the land, by
dint of pride and royal authority, among a handful of men.”
Swami Vivekananda maintained that no profession is bad provided it is done with a sense of service and self- sacrifice. It is the absence of the sense of dignity of labour which is responsible for the degraded condition of this country.
